• Each module is specialized for particular functions, such as vision, language, memory, or motor control.
• Localization: Modules are typically localized to specific areas within the brain. For example, the occipital lobe is primarily involved in visual processing, while Broca’s area in the frontal lobe is crucial for speech production.
• Interconnectedness: Despite their specialization, these modules do not operate in isolation. They are interconnected through neural pathways, allowing for communication and integration of information across different brain regions.
• Adaptability: Brain modules can exhibit plasticity, meaning they can adapt or reorganize based on experience, learning, or after injury.

“Ellis and Young (1988) defined modularity as ‘the orchestrated activity […] of multiple cognitive processors (modules)’. It is these that make our mental life possible, they argued. There are different modules, each processing its own specific stimuli independently of other modules.” (Taylor & Workman, 2021, pp. 8–11)

References
Taylor, S., & Workman, L. (Eds.). (2021). Cognitive Psychology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003014355